Opioids

Currently, there are approximately 30 million adults in the United States who have chronic kidney disease.1 Chronic kidney disease, defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 for >3 months,2 is more common in women,1 and approximately 72% of patients are over the age of 60 years.3 While chronic pain is recognized as highly prevalent...